Introduction Liquid cooling systems have a variety of applications in different industries and technologies like automobiles, smartphones and manufacturing. Due to the higher thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of liquids, they are more efficient compared to gaseous cooling systems. Especially for spaces where the natural airflow cannot be used for effective direct cooling, liquids […]
Introduction Wind tunnels are essential tools for investigating aerodynamic characteristics and evaluating the performance of airfoils, aircraft, and other engineering structures under controlled airflow conditions. They provide accurate measurements of aerodynamic forces such as lift and drag, which are important for aerodynamic design and validation. Although Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a widely used
History: Tesla began experimenting with boundary layer fluid dynamics around 1906. He first publicly showcased a working 200 horsepower model running at 16000 RPM on his 50th birthday July 10, 1906. Tesla filed for his primary turbine patent on October 21, 1909. It was officially granted as U.S. Patent 1061206 on May 6,1913. In a
Cavitation is one of the major fluid mechanics problems which damages ship propellers by reducing their efficiency and ultimately affects their performance. It happens when the local water pressure drops too low, falling below the vapor pressure of water. When this happens, the water boils instantly and creates tiny bubbles filled with water vapor. As
When a fluid flows around a body, forces act between the fluid and the surface due to the viscosity. These intermolecular forces are the cause for the drag, among other things. However, due to the forces acting, the surface of the solid body also tries to bind the fluid to itself. This also leads to
The answer lies in a fascinating principle of fluid mechanics known as the Magnus Effect. It’s an aerodynamic phenomenon that explains how the interaction between a spinning object and the surrounding air creates a sideways force causing the object to follow a curved path. So, what is the Magnus effect? The Magnus effect is an
Fluid: A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress, no matter how small . Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. External flow: External flow is the flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate,
Triangular V-notch weirs are a fundamental tool in hydraulic engineering, providing a cost-effective and reliable method for measuring flow in open channels. Accurate flow measurement is essential for managing water resources, monitoring the environment, and conducting hydraulic research. These weirs operate on the principle that the flow rate is related to the opening angle of
If you have observed cigarette smoke, you may have noticed that it initially rises as a smooth, steady plume before beginning to fluctuate erratically as it moves upward. Similar behavior occurs with other plumes. This phenomenon mirrors observations in pipe flow: at low velocities, the flow is smooth and orderly, but above a certain critical
The general conservation of mass equations can be further simplified for incompressible flows, a condition typically applicable to liquids. Since density (ρρ) is constant, it can be canceled from both sides of the general steady-flow relation, yielding: Steady, incompressible flow:∑inV˙=∑outV˙where V˙˙ is the volume flow rate. For a system with a single inlet and a single outlet, this
