Classical and the statistical approaches to thermodynamics: Classical thermodynamics is based on experimental observations whereas statistical thermodynamics is based on the average behaviour of large groups of particles. The light-year: In this unit, the word…
Fluid: A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress, no matter how small . Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by…
After the working fluid expands and produces work. Therefore, the working fluid is still hot. To reuse it again, the fluid must be cooled back through leaving the heat to a heat Sink or in…
Theory: Working steps of a 4-Stroke CI Engine: Suction Stroke – Only air enters the cylinder. Compression Stroke – Air is compressed to high pressure and temperature. Power Stroke – Fuel is injected and self-ignites…
A jet engine is a reaction engine that produces thrust by expelling high-velocity gases through a nozzle. Turbojet engines operate on the open Brayton cycle, which consists of four continuous processes: intake, compression, combustion, and…
Triangular V-notch weirs are a fundamental tool in hydraulic engineering, providing a cost-effective and reliable method for measuring flow in open channels. Accurate flow measurement is essential for managing water resources, monitoring the environment, and…
An orifice meter is a flow measuring device that is very popular among other flow measuring instruments due to its design simplicity, cost efficiency and easy manufacturability to determine the discharge in single and multi-phase…
If you have observed cigarette smoke, you may have noticed that it initially rises as a smooth, steady plume before beginning to fluctuate erratically as it moves upward. Similar behavior occurs with other plumes. This…
The general conservation of mass equations can be further simplified for incompressible flows, a condition typically applicable to liquids. Since density (ρρ) is constant, it can be canceled from both sides of the general steady-flow relation,…
The fundamental conservation laws—such as the conservation of mass and the first law of thermodynamics—are formulated for a fixed-identity collection of matter, known as a closed system in thermodynamics. However, analyzing a control volume (or open system) is often…
